School of Agriculture and Food Sciencehttp://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/42024-03-28T22:30:20Z2024-03-28T22:30:20ZPhysicochemical and Functional Properties of Edible Dung Beetle Larvae (Scarabaeus satyrus) Flours and Oils and their Significance in Human NutritionSalano, Fedha MonicahOtiato, Andika DariusNdung’u, Kinyuru Johnhttp://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/131682024-03-21T15:48:28Z2024-02-29T00:00:00ZPhysicochemical and Functional Properties of Edible Dung Beetle Larvae (Scarabaeus satyrus) Flours and Oils and their Significance in Human Nutrition
Salano, Fedha Monicah; Otiato, Andika Darius; Ndung’u, Kinyuru John
The potential of edible insects in alleviating the nutritional challenges facing humans has led to an increased interest in their utilization. Edible insects contain substantial amounts of protein and fats, which are very important macronutrients that confer useful functional and physicochemical properties to foods. However, the functional properties of these nutrients have not been given sufficient attention, limiting their use as ingredients in diets and food products. Processing of insects converts them into an ingredient that can be added to various foods, improving their acceptability in terms of flavor, taste, and nutritional content. Popular processing methods for edible insects include frying, boiling, oven drying, roasting, smoking, and toasting. These thermal treatments reduce the insect water content, enabling them to be milled into powders. This study set out to investigate the fatty acid profile, protein digestibility, and physicochemical and functional properties of powders and oils of edible dung beetle (Scarabaeus satyrus). The dung larvae were collected from three counties in Western Kenya. They were cleaned and subjected to drying and milling, then analyzed. Results indicated that protein digestibility ranged between 64.27-70.03%. The dominant unsaturated fatty acid was Oleic (45.71±2.45%), while the main saturated fatty acid was Lauric (45.43 ±0.8%). The saponification value of the oils ranged between 127.94 -130.17 mgKOH/g oil, Acid value (41.96-44.11 mg KOH/g oil), peroxide value (4.23-3.8 Meq.thio / kg sample), refractive index (1.41-1.44/25ºC) and Iodine value (77.89-88.02 g I/100g). Functional properties of the powders showed high lipophilic (332.45±19.73%) and moderate (1.11±0.14 ml/g) hygroscopic tendencies in toasted samples from Bungoma and Siaya Counties, respectively. Emulsifying capacity varied between 80.85%-82.53%, while emulsifying stability ranged from 80.85%-81.33%. These findings show that the edible Scarabaeus satyrus can provide unsaturated fatty acids and can be a good ingredient in foods as an alternative to conventional cuisines
2024-02-29T00:00:00ZAcceptability of Cereal-Cricket Composite Porridge Influenced by Socio-Economic Factors and Breast-Feeding Status of Mothers and Care-givers in Siaya County, KenyaAboge, Danstone OchiengOrinda, MAKonyole, SOhttp://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/131662024-03-21T09:17:51Z2024-02-29T00:00:00ZAcceptability of Cereal-Cricket Composite Porridge Influenced by Socio-Economic Factors and Breast-Feeding Status of Mothers and Care-givers in Siaya County, Kenya
Aboge, Danstone Ochieng; Orinda, MA; Konyole, SO
2024-02-29T00:00:00ZExploring Phenotypic Characteristics of Edible Caterpillars and Indigenous Knowledge of Host Plants in the Coastal Forest Ecosystems for Improved Food SecurityKatana, John JumaMosi, Reuben OyooOyieke, Helidahttp://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/131652024-03-21T07:22:25Z2024-03-14T00:00:00ZExploring Phenotypic Characteristics of Edible Caterpillars and Indigenous Knowledge of Host Plants in the Coastal Forest Ecosystems for Improved Food Security
Katana, John Juma; Mosi, Reuben Oyoo; Oyieke, Helida
Edible caterpillars have nutritional and economic value, thus providing food security at the household level during their harvesting seasons. Despite the significant value of these insects, they are harvested seasonally, and there is little or no documented research about the edible caterpillar species and their phenotypic characteristics, their host plants, and the effects of ecosystem utilization on the insects. This study explored the phenotypic characteristics of edible caterpillars and the indigenous knowledge of their host plants in selected coastal forest ecosystems, aiming to contribute to the improvement of food security. The study adopted a cross-sectional observational study design, involving data collection on caterpillar phenotypic characteristics and interviewing local communities on host plant preferences. One-way ANOVA was used to test for significant differences in phenotypic characteristics (body weight, body length, and body girth) among the four caterpillar species. The Chi-Square test was used to examine the association between caterpillar species and their preferred host plants. The findings show that the region is dominated by four edible species of caterpillars: Bunea alcinoe, Gonimbrasia zambezina, Gynanisa maja, and Menipe spp. These caterpillar species have distinct and discernible differences in their phenotypic characteristics, specifically in terms of body weight, body length, body girth, body color, as well as body texture with a significance level of 0.000. These variations in physical traits suggest that each species has evolved unique adaptations to their respective environments and may have different ecological roles within their habitats. These species also have varying preferences for different host plants, making each species unique. The preferred host plant species supporting the caterpillars were: Balanites wilsoniana for B. alcinoe, Mangifera indica for G. zambezina, Acacia gourmaensis for G. maja, and Ochna mossambicensis for Menipe spp. The study revealed significant associations between caterpillar species and their preferred host plants, indicating that the local community possesses specific indigenous knowledge regarding the preferred host plants for edible caterpillars in the study area
2024-03-14T00:00:00ZMycotoxic Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungi of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) on Poultry Feed SafetySilipiwe, SharaiMuriithi, Alice NakhumichaOjiewo, Christopher Ochienghttp://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/131052024-03-14T09:17:39Z2024-02-01T00:00:00ZMycotoxic Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungi of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) on Poultry Feed Safety
Silipiwe, Sharai; Muriithi, Alice Nakhumicha; Ojiewo, Christopher Ochieng
This study was carried out to analyze mycotoxins of entomopathogenic fungi of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) and poultry feed safety. An experiment was set up to assess the types of mycotoxins produced by entomopathogenic fungal parasite of fall armyworm larvae and their subsequent efect on the safety of the larvae as a feed ingredient. Molecular characterization was done to estimate the diversity of entomopathogenic fungi on fall armyworm larvae specimens from the treatment plots. Sequenced data was analyzed and processed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis 6.0 software. The results showed relative diversity of fall armyworm larvae with 11 species isolated belonging to Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Bipolaris and Irpex genus. Some
of these are potential mycotoxin producing fungi. Although isolated fungi potentially produce Ochratoxin, Fumonisin, Zearalenone and Trichothecene mycotoxins, only afatoxins were analyzed in this study. About 3.98 μg /kg of afatoxin was observed using the ELISA total assay which is within the threshold toxicity levels set in Kenya for feed of about 20 μg /kg. While this is under the threshold set by Kenya, it is still enough to cause concern as the cumulative exposure of even low doses can have impacts. This study therefore concludes that, Spodoptera frugiperda can be potentially contaminated with afatoxins and when formulating poultry diets, there is need to monitor production so that the quality is not compromised and feed safety is ensured. Further studies are recommended to determine how much produced afatoxins are then transferred into the poultry products such as eggs and meat.
2024-02-01T00:00:00ZAcceptability of Cereal-Cricket Composite Porridge as Influenced by Socio-Economic Factors and Breast-Feeding Status of Mothers and Care-Givers in Siaya County, KenyaAboge, Danstone Ochienghttp://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/130992024-03-14T07:11:50Z2024-01-01T00:00:00ZAcceptability of Cereal-Cricket Composite Porridge as Influenced by Socio-Economic Factors and Breast-Feeding Status of Mothers and Care-Givers in Siaya County, Kenya
Aboge, Danstone Ochieng
The trajectory for widespread integration of edible insects into the human diet is still confronted by low acceptability especially among communities that traditionally or habitually do not consume insects. While the concern today is how best to present edible insects into food matrices that improve their acceptability, this development should be aligned with consumer intrigues into the choices of insect-based foods. This study determined the influence of socio-economic factors (age, education, marital status, occupation, and income levels), and breastfeeding status of mothers and care givers on acceptability of cricket-based porridges. Four composite porridge flours were developed by blending cricket flour with maize, wheat, and soy flour at four different levels. The reference formula (CP) had 0% cricket inclusion and was a composite of maize, wheat, and defatted soy flour in the ratio of 2:1:1 resembling Famila Baby weaning porridge flour, a common infant formula in Kenya. The other treatment flours were formulated by replacing an equivalent amount of soy flour with cricket flour at 25%, 50% and 75% to allow enrichment of Famila formula with cricket flour, and were coded as CPB1, CPB2 and CPB3, respectively. Porridge prepared from the flours were evaluated for acceptability among forty mothers and care-givers selected in Siaya County, Kenya. Non-cricket porridge was the most accepted across the respondents’ socioeconomic dynamics. Acceptability of cricket-based porridges improved with age and level of education but reduced significantly for both married (p<0.000) and unmarried women (p<0.000). Women engaged in formal employment rated cricket-based porridges significantly higher (p<0.003) than other occupations. Income level generated mixed influences with non-cricket porridge still rated significantly higher (p<0.000) than cricket-based porridges across different income groups. Breastfeeding had insignificant influence on acceptability of the porridges (p=0.06). From this study, age, education, occupation and income showed varied influences on the acceptability of cereal-cricket porridges and should therefore be considered among key factors that shape consumer acceptability. Consequently, promotion strategies should consider the latter socio-economic factors in devising interventions to improve acceptability of edible insects and their products.
2024-01-01T00:00:00ZChemical Composition of the Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi and Their Potential for Use as Livestock FeedGuchu, Ian KimaniAyieko, MonicaOkotto, Lorna-Gracehttp://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/130432023-12-10T15:39:58Z2023-01-16T00:00:00ZChemical Composition of the Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi and Their Potential for Use as Livestock Feed
Guchu, Ian Kimani; Ayieko, Monica; Okotto, Lorna-Grace
Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi have been used for over four decades as Eichhorniae crassipes classical biological control agents globally. Despite the success of bio-control against the water hyacinth globally at different levels and environmental sustainability, biological control against water hyacinth seems to have overlooked the socio-economic sustainability in assisting the ravaged communities, gain resilience and adapt to the challenges of the invasive alien species. This manuscript evaluates the potential to draw out more from biological control of the water hyacinth by evaluating the potential to utilize Neochetina eichhorniae and Neochetina bruchi as feed. The live insects of the two species were collected from the water hyacinth marts in the nearby L. Victoria in Siaya county, Kenya. Where they were then transferred for semi-cultivation in localized ponds for reproduction and closer monitoring. The ponds having been set up in completely randomized design while in the open within the same climatic region mimicked the water quality and most abiotic conditions of the lake necessary for the insects’ and host plant acclimatization and reproduction. The samples for proximate analysis were collected from these ponds as per the research and experimental design.The chemical compositions of the Neochetina bruchi, N. eichhorniae and their larvae composite, satisfactorily compared to basic fish feed requirements, specifically as a protein source having crude protein (CP) percentage per DM of 55.0350 ± 0.025, 54.4350 ± 0.035 and 62.2750 ± 0.025 respectively.
2023-01-16T00:00:00ZEffect of Nitrogen Nutrition on the Intensity of Cercospora Leaf Spot of MulberryMutebi, Chrispo MakhetiOndede, Davine Atienohttp://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/130412023-12-10T15:39:41Z2021-04-21T00:00:00ZEffect of Nitrogen Nutrition on the Intensity of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Mulberry
Mutebi, Chrispo Makheti; Ondede, Davine Atieno
Leaf spot (Cercospora moricola, Cooke) is a disease that negatively influences the yield of mulberry (Morus alba L.) plants. To determine the effect of nitrogen levels on the incidence and severity of leaf spot an experiment was carried out on mulberry plants. The nitrogen levels included 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 ,which were applied in two splits coinciding with the two rainy seasons. The study design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Determination of disease intensity involved scoring for disease intensity on a 1-5 Manandhar scale and calculation of the disease incidence were performed by expressing the number of infected leaves as a percentage of the total number of leaves. The values were translated to area under disease progress stairs (AUDPS). The means for AUDPS were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using PRO GLM in SAS and Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) used to partition the means at p≤0.05. The results showed that as the rate of nitrogen application was increased, there was a corresponding decrease in AUDPS for disease incidence and a decrease in AUDPS for disease severity. From the obtained results it can be concluded that nitrogen at an application rate of 200 kg ha-1 is an effective approach to suppress Cercospora leaf spot of mulberry and can be recommended to the farmers, where this disease is a problem for cultivation of mulberry.
2021-04-21T00:00:00ZNutritional Composition and Sensory Properties of Wheat Muffins Enriched with Gonimbrasia Zambesina, Walker Caterpillar FourOuma, Fedinand OpondoMuriithi, Alice NakhumichaAnyango, Joseph Ochieng’http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/130352023-11-08T13:04:00Z2022-08-03T00:00:00ZNutritional Composition and Sensory Properties of Wheat Muffins Enriched with Gonimbrasia Zambesina, Walker Caterpillar Four
Ouma, Fedinand Opondo; Muriithi, Alice Nakhumicha; Anyango, Joseph Ochieng’
Sub-Saharan Africa still bears the greatest forms of malnutrition. Attention is shifting to the use of edible insects in forms which are acceptable to people irrespective of their social status and level of civilization in efforts to alleviate protein malnutrition. Gonimbrasia zambesina (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) caterpillars emerge seasonally in the coastal part of Kenya and despite their rich nutritional profile, their consumption is low. This study was thus undertaken to evaluate the effect of substituting wheat four with G. zambesina caterpillar four at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% substitution levels on the nutritional composition and sensory properties of wheat muffins. Substituting wheat four with G. zambesina caterpillar four resulted in significantly high protein, fat and fibre contents of enriched wheat muffins. There was also an increasing trend in the ash, minerals and tocopherol content. Invitro protein digestibility significantly decreased from 10 to 20% substitution levels. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the carbohydrate contents of enriched wheat muffins.
The sensory scores for colour, texture, aroma and the overall acceptability of wheat muffins decreased with increasing substitution levels. At 10% substitution level, wheat muffins had significantly higher nutritional content than control wheat muffins (0%) and were comparable to muffins enriched with 5% G. zambesina caterpillar four in terms of overall acceptability. Thus, enriching wheat muffins with G. zambesina caterpillar four at 10% substitution level has the potential to contribute to improved protein nutrition since they have a higher protein content than the control wheat muffin and are 88.8% digestible (in vitro).
2022-08-03T00:00:00ZGrowth and Economic Performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell,1822) Fed Diets Containing Black Soldier Fly Larvae Hermetia illucens Linnaeus, 1758)Mundida, General BevenManyala, Julius OtienoMadzimure, JamesRono, Kennethhttp://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/130292023-11-07T08:45:46Z2023-09-26T00:00:00ZGrowth and Economic Performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell,1822) Fed Diets Containing Black Soldier Fly Larvae Hermetia illucens Linnaeus, 1758)
Mundida, General Beven; Manyala, Julius Otieno; Madzimure, James; Rono, Kenneth
Insect meals have been proposed as a potential alternative protein source for replacing fishmeal (FM), the key ingredient in aquaculture diets, yet is the most scarce and expensive. However, not much work has been done on the effects of replacing FM with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens ) larvae meal (BSFLM) on the growth and economic performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. This study investigated the effect of replacing FM with BSFLM on the growth and economic performance of African catfish. Five isonitrogenous (40% CP) diets were formulated to replace 100% FM, 75% FM, 50% FM, 25% FM and 0% FM with BSFLM, hereafter referred to as BSFLM0, BSFLM25, BSFLM50, BSFLM75and BSFLM100 diets, respectively. Six hundred mixed-sex fingerlings of mean weight 0.46±0.02g were stocked in 15 plastic tanks (40 fingerlings/tank, three replicates/treatment). Fish were hand-fed at 6% body weight twice a day for 12 weeks. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found in final body weight, body weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and condition factor.The best growth performance was recorded in fish fed on BSFLM25. The economic analysis indicated that BSFLM diets reduced significantly (P<0.05) the incidence cost compared to the (BSFLM0). BSFLM0 had the highest incidence cost (KES 99.99), while BSFLM100 (KES 59.93) yielded the lowest. BSFLM diets significantly increased (P<0.05) the profit index compared to BSFLM0. BSFLM100 and BSFLM25 had the highest profit indexes (KES 5.06) and (KES 4.28) respectively. Additionally, the best harvest weight and value of fish were found to be higher in BSFLM25 compared to other compositions, even when the amounts fed and feed cost per kg were not significantly different from BSFLM0. The study demonstrated that BSFLM is a cost-effective alternative to FM in diets of African catfish and hence can replace BSFLM up to 25% without negative effects on growth and economic benefits.
2023-09-26T00:00:00ZUse of Information Communication Technologies by Cricket FarmersAbel, M. PeterOgara, Solomon O.Mugumbate, Gracehttp://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/130272023-11-06T13:29:07Z2023-02-28T00:00:00ZUse of Information Communication Technologies by Cricket Farmers
Abel, M. Peter; Ogara, Solomon O.; Mugumbate, Grace
Cricket farming is an upcoming enterprise to Most households in rural communities. Apparently, there is no documented evidence on how farmers access agricultural information on cricket value chain. This study was carried out to assess the use of information communication technologies (ICTs) by farmers to access value chain information. ICTs application in cricket farming means ease to access cricket value chain information and improved interaction between cricket farmers and stakeholders. The study adopted an exploratory mixed method research design by use of a structured questionnaire and focus group discussions to collect data. The data was analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Quantitative data was analyzed and interpreted using the R-statistical software. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically by drawing meanings from themes thereof. The results showed that the most sought information was cricket rearing practices and the least was market prices for cricket products. Radio was found to be the most significant ICT channel used (p˃0.05). However, most farmers complained of poor infrastructure which made it difficult for them to utilize the ICTs effectively. The outcome of this study informs stakeholders on information needs of farmers and the challenges they face while seeking for information.
2023-02-28T00:00:00Z