School of Education, Humanities & Social Sciences
http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/279
2024-03-29T06:34:01ZCareer Guidance Services as Predictors of Course Satisfaction Among Trainees in Technical Vocational Education and Training Institutions
http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/12133
Career Guidance Services as Predictors of Course Satisfaction Among Trainees in Technical Vocational Education and Training Institutions
Omondi, Maren Awuor
Students’ course satisfaction plays a critical role in acquisition of relevant skills,competence and attitude. Students who get advice with regard to career options are likely to be satisfied with the courses they choose to study. Technical Vocational
Education and Training (TVET) institutions have established offices of career services to assist trainees choose courses in line with their interest, capabilities, and aptitude. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to: establish the relationship between orientation services and course satisfaction among trainees, determine the
relationship between appraisal services and course satisfaction among trainees, find
out the relationship between education services and course satisfaction among trainees, examine the relationship between information services and course satisfaction among trainees in TVET institutions. Holland’s theory of vocational choice guided the study. Concurrent Triangulation design within the mixed methods approach was adopted. The study targeted a total of 12807 trainees, 4 Registrars, 4 Deputy Principals in charge of academics and, 4 Guidance and Counseling Coordinators from TVET institutions in Kakamega County. Trainees’ sample size of 388 was determined using Yamane (1967) formula for calculating sample size. Stratified proportionate sampling was used to get the number of participants from each department within each Institution, and simple random sampling was used to select 388 trainees from the 4 institutions while 4 Registrars, 4 Deputy Principals and 4 Guidance and Counseling Coordinators were purposively sampled. The total sample size for the study was therefore 400. Data was collected by use of questionnaire and interview schedule. Piloting of the instruments was done among 39 trainees from Kisiwa TTI in Bungoma County. Validity of the instruments was ensured by seeking expert advice from 2 university lecturers. Internal consistency of reliability, which was measured using Cronbach’s alpha had values ranging from 0.784 to 0.869, suggesting that the instruments had adequate reliability for the study Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 aided in quantitative data analysis presented in the form of frequencies and percentages while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, Multiple regression analysis, t-test for independent samples and ANOVA was used for inferential statistics. Specifically, regression coefficient was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the study established that there is direct relationship between career guidance services and course satisfaction though the various aspects of career guidance services contribute differently in influencing course satisfaction among TVET trainees. Education services had the highest influence (Beta = 0.255) on trainees’ course satisfaction while information services had the least influence (Beta =0.166) on trainees’ course satisfaction. Career guidance services was confirmed as significant predictors of course satisfaction among TVET trainees in Kakamega County. Based on the findings, the study recommends the implementation of comprehensive and inclusive career guidance services and Curriculum Development and Certification Council (CDACC) should strengthen the case of career guidance offices in TVET institutions.
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZContemporary Valu of Chastity and Family Institution Among the Seventh–Day Adventists Faithful in Nyamira, Kenya
http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/12132
Contemporary Valu of Chastity and Family Institution Among the Seventh–Day Adventists Faithful in Nyamira, Kenya
Nyakina, Margaret Moraa
This study focuses on the contemporary value of chastity on family among Seventhday Adventist [SDA] faithful in Nyamira County, Kenya. Sexual values such as chastity are societal moral standards, considered crucial in issues related to sexual behaviour and maintaining family stability. Some traditional societies value virginity and reward a girl who preserves it until marriage, and remain faithful after marriage, as men are expected to uphold self-discipline. Similarly, Christian communities are expected to live sexual scriptural principles. Each community deals with chastity issues in form of taboos and punishments for deviants. The value of chastity afforded lot of weight both in traditional and Christian realms as proven in this study has lost the credential it deserves in contemporary culture. Studies reveal failure to observe principal sexual values, has affected a great number of families globally and locally. This has led to devastating consequences on family unit including; HIV & Aids, early pregnancies, separation and divorce. Modern moral liberalism has left conventional family of man and woman an overwhelmed institution, with lot of upheavals. The core concern is value of chastity noteworthy for family stability and regulation of sexual conducts is not regarded even among some SDA adherents. This necessitated this survey to assess SDA responses to contemporary value of chastity on family. The study determines value of chastity on family institution amid SDA faithful in Nyamira at technological era. The study evaluates ways SDAs respond to indicators of contemporary value of chastity on family, analyses influence of technology on value of chastity among SDA faithful and explores SDAs faithful conceptualization on changing value of chastity in Nyamira. The survey adopts Utilitarian Ethical Theory propounded by Bentham and expounded by Mill because it suites the concept studied which is equally an ethical issue. It is assumed moral lax aggravated by technological influence is set back in observing value of chastity. The study has employed quantitative and qualitative research methods within a descriptive survey approach. The Sample was obtained through both purposive and cluster random sampling from population of 144,507 of SDA adherents in Nyamira conference within Nyamira. The sample size was 384 of which 375 lay members responded to questionnaires and 9 purposively selected leaders were interviewed. Questionnaires, interview schedules, and Focus Group Discussions [FGDs] were used in data assemblage. Reliability and validity of research instruments was determined through pilot study. Descriptive statistics was utilized for analysis of quantitative data whereas theme analysis for qualitative data. Findings depicts, SDAs faithful were not silent towards curbing challenges interlinked with nonconformity to value of chastity in modernity, but not to anticipations because sexual ills are reportedly rampant. The study also reveals technology has great influence on value of chastity. The situation was threatening to SDA family, and adherents continued to condemn evils related to defiance of chastity. However, they have no option other than accommodating certain related changes in transformed society. Given the future of the society is determined by stability of family unit, recommendations of study would help policy makers construct a culture on sexual value and lastly advance the field of sexual ethics within Christian family and entire society. It was therefore found necessary to preserve traditional and Christian tenets allied with chastity to help regulate societal moral standards for viable family. The study suggests for further and intensive study by interested scholars and Christian
bodies on the same concept within and beyond the Christian community in Kenya to
establish ideal approaches to curb contemporary value of chastity.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZBeliefs on Nyawawa Spirits Among The Luo In Kisumu West And Rangwe Sub-Counties, Kenya
http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/12120
Beliefs on Nyawawa Spirits Among The Luo In Kisumu West And Rangwe Sub-Counties, Kenya
Sewe, Catherine Akinyi
In the traditional African religion, the concept of spirits is widespread. This is because Africans believe in, recognize, and accept the existence of spirits. The spirits sometimes use material objects as temporary abode and manifest their presence and action through natural objects and phenomena. However, the fact that the spirits are non-descript, immortal, and invisible entities have raised deep confusion in terms of their manifestation, prevalence, and effects to the living. Arguments on the origin of the various spirits in Traditional African society remains clouded in mystery not only because of their overlapping and interrelated symbolisms but also because of lack of clarity on how they affect African communities in different geographical settings. It is also unclear how different communities have endeavored to manage their related effects with some informants arguing that within the Luo society, common mechanisms are adopted while some posit that the approaches have changed over time depending on the geographical locations of respective communities in the region. This study has established the origin of nyawawa spirits among the Luo communities, examined their prevalence and manifestation, determined forms of managing their possible effects and explained causes of their perceived decline. The study aimed at assisting researchers in religious studies to improve their knowledge on how the Luo perceive nyawawa spirits and manage their effects. It has further preserved information about nyawawa which with time would be lost. Literature review revealed that belief in nyawawa played a significant role in the world view of the Luo communities as it helped them to explain causes of diseases like smallpox, whose treatment they never knew and hence, helped them to cope with devastating effect of death caused by the diseases which the Luo associated with the nyawawa spirits. This is true to Durkheim Functional theory of Religion which asserts that religion plays several functions among communities that practice them; in this case it helped to rationalize the effects of the said diseases. Secondary data further displayed management strategies of various spirits; a vivid example is amongst the Zulu of South Africa that built huts behind the Kraal to confine them. The study endeavored to interrogate the way the Luo communities under study managed nyawawa spirits. This study was conducted in Kisumu West and Rangwe Sub-Counties. These areas of study were selected purposively to address the possible influence of geographical settings on the opinions on nyawawa a with Kisumu West representing cosmopolitan and peri-urban population while Rangwe representing rural and homogenous Luo population. The study applied mixed methods design that brings together qualitative and quantitative methodologies within a single study to answer or understand a research problem. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected through questionnaires. The questionnaires were used on target population of 382. Key informant interviews and Focus Group Discussions were conducted with selected informants in different locations. Purposive sampling was used to identify potential informants among who were traditional healers, elderly people above 60 years of age, and religious leaders of African Religious Movements. Qualitative data was analyzed through qualitative techniques involving classification of information based on themes and content according to the objectives and was processed by transcribing, translation, corroboration and validation of results from secondary and primary data. Quantitative data was analyzed and presented through descriptive statistics. The study was also guided by functionalism theory. The study revealed that the Luo associated nyawawa with the lake but was experienced everywhere; that various approaches were employed to manage them as their presence was associated with death and spread of diseases. It further showed that today belief in nyawawa is on the decline due to influence of Christianity and urbanization besides other factors. Further recommendation of the study is that future study on nyawawa should take a multicultural approach as to establish if neighboring communities also held similar views, as the spirits were dispelled to them as well, besides the belief that the spirits came from the neighbors of the Luo necessitates such an inquiry.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZEffects of Class Repetition on Pupils’ Academic Performance in Public Primary Schools in Kenya- a Case Study of Alego Usonga Sub County
http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/12117
Effects of Class Repetition on Pupils’ Academic Performance in Public Primary Schools in Kenya- a Case Study of Alego Usonga Sub County
Owino, Vincent Okoth
Repetition has severe negative consequences to both the individuals and society in terms of economic, social, political and psychological dimensions. Alego Usonga Sub County, Siaya County has a high repetition rate of 7.10% against 1% nationally. The purpose of the study was to establish effects of class repetition on pupils’ academic performance in primary schools in Kenya, and particularly to: examine how class repetition affects learner academic achievements, asses the effects of schools resources on academic performance of learners, and to explore strategies put in place to reduce grade repetition of learners in public primary schools. The high repetition rate was argued to improve academic performance by exposing low performing students to additional teaching time and allowing them to catch up on the curriculum and content of teaching. Equally repetition on the other side was argued to be counterproductive on student long term academic achievements with retained students falling further and further behind promoted peers and sometimes leading to drop outs. Conceptual framework was used in the study to help focus on the effects of repetition on pupils academic performance in primary schools in the Alego Usonga Sub County. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The study was carried out in public primary schools in Alego Usonga Sub County, Siaya County, Kenya. The population of the study comprised of 139 class teachers, 139 primary head teachers, Sub County Director of Education (SCDE), 7 Curriculum Support Officers (CSOs) and 695 repeaters. The study adopted simple random sampling technique and applied the rule of thumb to select 28 public primary schools to form part of the sample and to select 139 repeaters from the population of 695 repeaters to form the sample. Stratified random sampling was then used to select 28 head teachers, 28 class teachers, while saturated sampling was used to allow all the CSOs and SCDE to form part of the study. The instruments of data collections were questionnaires, documents analysis and interview schedules. Pilot was done in 5 schools using test re test method, a correlation coefficient of 0.857 was obtained for questionnaires reliability after administering two different but alternative forms of the questionnaires constructed to sample the same content to the respondents in pilot schools at the same time. Validity of the instruments were ascertained by the Supervisor from the Department of educational foundations of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology. Quantitative data collected using close ended items in the Questionnaires, were analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequencies and percentages while qualitative data were analyzed as themes and Sub themes. The findings were presented in form of tables and graphs. The study found - 5 -out that repetition was prevalent in class 7 and had negative effects on academic performance of primary school pupils’. The study further found out that the main effects of class repetition on
pupils include: stigmatization, low self-esteem, school drop outs, over-age learners, low learning achievements, higher teacher to pupil ratio which contributes to constraints on school learning resources impacting negatively to learner’s academic performance. It was also found out that schools could employ improved teaching pedagogy and learning environments coupled with sensitization of teachers on Government policy on repetition to curb repetition in schools. Based on the study findings, the following were recommended: that the Government should put on more effort on the monitoring of educational quality through Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards Officer (SCQASO) and Curriculum Support Officers (CSOs) to check on the level of enforcement of the Government policy on repetition, the Teachers’ Service Commission should redistribute teachers based on enrollment in schools to address the high teacher pupil ratio, the Government should prioritize the improvement of basic learning institution resources including physical infrastructure, desks ,textbooks and lunch programs. The study further recommends that the guidance and counselling department in public primary schools should be enhanced to address the self confidence in learners and to encourage learners to love school and learning. The study was useful as it provided information to the Sub County Education office, parents, teachers and other stakeholders on effects of repetitions in primary schools in the Sub County
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZUtu wa Wahusika wa Kiuhalisiajabu Katika Riwaya Teule za Said Ahmed Mohamed
http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/12111
Utu wa Wahusika wa Kiuhalisiajabu Katika Riwaya Teule za Said Ahmed Mohamed
Obondo, Peres Akello
Utu huhusisha wema. Utu ni sifa mojawapo muhimu katika mahusiano mazuri maishani mwa binadamu. Utu ni sifa ambayo huhusishwa na wahusika mbalimbali katika dunia halisi na hata kwenye dunia ya fasihi. Wahusika ni muhimu katika fasihi kwa vile kupitia kwao, mwandishi huweza kupitisha ujumbe aliokusudia kwa wasomaji. Wahusika huwa wa aina mbalimbali wakiwemo wahusika wa kiuhalisiajabu ambao pia huchangia katika kupitisha ujumbe wa mwandishi sawia na wahusika wa kihalisia. Tafiti za awali zimewasawiri wahusika binadamu wakionyesha utu kwa sababu ni sifa muhimu anayopaswa kuwa nayo binadamu. Hata hivyo, waandishi wa Kiswahili akiwemo Said A. Mohamed wamesawiri wahusika wa kiuhalisiajabu wakionyesha utu kwa viumbe wengine. Huu ni mtindo ambao umeanza kutumiwa katika riwaya mpya na waandishi wa fasihi ya Kiswahili. Hivyo basi, utafiti huu ulichanganua kiuhakikifu wahusika viumbe wa kiuhalisiajabu katika riwaya teule za Said A. Mohamed ili kudhihirisha kwamba hata viumbe wasio binadamu huwa na sifa ya kibinadamu ya utu. Lengo kuu la utafiti huu ni kuchunguza utu wa wahusika viumbe wa kiuhalisiajabu katika riwaya teule za SaidA. Mohamed. Malengo yaliyoongoza utafiti huu ni: Kubainisha umbo linalochukuliwa na viumbe wa kiuhalisiajabu wanapoonyesha utu katika riwaya teule za Said A. Mohamed, kufafanua udhihirishaji wa utu wa viumbe wa kiuhalisiajabu katika riwaya teule za Said A. Mohamed na kutathmini athari ya utu wa viumbe wa kiuhalisiajabu kwa wahusika binadamu katika riwaya teule za Said A. Mohamed. Utafiti huu uliongozwa na nadharia ya kiuhalisiajabu kama inavyofafanuliwa na Zamora & Wendy (1995). Nadharia hii hueleza matukio katika hali ya kutisha, kushangaza na kuogofya kwa kuziwasilisha kana kwamba ni hali ya kawaida. Muundo wa kimaelezo ulitumika huku eneo la utafiti likiwa fasihi ya Kiswahili, utanzu wa Riwaya. Mwango wa utafiti umehusisha riwaya zote tatu za kiuhalisiajabu za Said A. Mohamed. Sampuli ya kimakusudi ilitumika kuteua riwaya tatu za Said A. Mohamed hususan: Babu Alipofufuka (2001), Dunia Yao (2006) na Nyuso za Mwanamke (2010). Data ilikusanywa kutokana na kusoma riwaya hizo tatu zilizoteuliwa na kudondoa sehemu zilizolingana na malengo ya utafiti. Data ilidondolewa, ikanukuliwa, ikapangwa kasha kuchanganuliwa. Matokeo ya utafiti yalionyesha kuwa kwa kweli viumbe wa kiuhalisiajabu wana sifa za utu kama upendo, ukarimu, kusamehe miongoni mwa mengine. Aidha walidhihirisha umbo mbalimbali kama kuwa kivuli,mizuka na mengineyo. Vile vile binadamu waliathirika kwa kufurahi na hata kukasirika. Utafiti huu unatoa mchango kwa walimu na wataalamu wa fasihi katika taaluma ya fasihi simulizi.
Humanness involves any act related to wellness of a being. Being humane is an important aspect of life for healthy human relations. Humanness is related to various characters in the real world and in the literature world too. Characters are very important aspect of Literature. It is through characters that the writer conveys his intended message to the readers. There are many types of characters including magical realism characters through whom the writer, like the normal characters, conveys his message. Previous research have it that the humane character is only found in human beings. In as much as it is only found in human beings, some Kiswahili authors, among them Said A. Mohamed, have used non-human characters through magical realism to portray humanness. The art of writing using magical realism is a new style being used in literature by Kiswahili authors. This research therefore critically analyzes the humanness of nonhuman characters in magical realism to show that even non-human characters have humanness. The objectives of this study are to: identify and explain forms in which non-human characters in magical realism appear as they perform acts of humanity in Said A. Mohamed’s novels, describe ways in which they perform acts of humanness in Said A. Mohamed’s novels and the effect of humanness of these characters on human beings in Said A. Mohamed’s novels. This study uses Magical Realism theory as expounded by Zamora & Wendy (1995). This theory explains horrifying and fantastical scenes as if they are occurring in normal situations. This study employed descriptive research design while its area of study was the genre of novel in Kiswahili literature. The population of the study are all the 3 books of Said A. Mohamed that involve magical realism. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the three novels written by Said A. Mohamed; Babu Alipofufuka (2001), Dunia Yao (2006) na Nyuso za Mwanamke (2010), because the writer has extensively expressed humanity through the non-human characters. Data was collected by reading the three selected texts. Excerpts were recorded, arranged as required and analyzed. The findings of the study show that non-human beingcharacters are humane as they show traits like love, generosity and even forgiveness. When showing these traits, they changed into different forms like shadows and even ghosts. The human beings reacted differently by being happy and some by being sad, after receiving these humane acts. This research will be beneficial to students, teachers and researchers of literature.
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZRural-Urban Migration for Employment in Kisumu Central Sub-County, Kenya
http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/12109
Rural-Urban Migration for Employment in Kisumu Central Sub-County, Kenya
Onditi, Prisca
Rural-Urban Migration for Employment in Kisumu Central Sub-County, Kenya BY Prisca Onditi Unemployment is a global phenomenon that has become a cause of concern at international, regional and national levels as the numbers of migrants surpass the capacity of the urban centers to provide adequate job opportunities. A significant contributor to urban growth and the urbanization process is rural-urban migration. However, the unstable and low-paying jobs in the urban centers compel most migrants to live in informal settlements. The latter is associated with poor living conditions and moral breakdown thus forcing migrants to adopt coping strategies to survive. It is in lieu of this that this study sought to establish the relationship between rural-urban migration and employment in Kisumu Central Sub-County. The specific objectives were to: determine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of rural-urban migrants and employment; assess the perception of rural-urban migrants on employment, and to evaluate the coping strategies adopted by rural-urban migrants in Kisumu Central Sub-County. This study was anchored on Harris Todaro’s theory (1969) of migration and the theory of rural urban migration by Papaelias (2013). The study adopted a mixed research methods design. The study used Yamane’s formula to calculate a sample size of 399 from the target population of 174,145 in Kisumu Central Sub County. Simple random sampling was then used to distribute the sample to each ward. Primary data was obtained through questionnaires and key informant interviews while secondary data was acquired through published books, journals, newsletters, internet, theses and dissertations. A total of 321 questionnaires were sufficiently and correctly administered out of a target of 399; making 80.45% response rate. The study established that the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of rural urban migrants and employment in Kisumu Central Sub-County was negative; with a coefficient of determination (R2 ) of 0.029 and a beta coefficient of 0.074. The study also established that to a large extent; the perceptions of rural-urban migrants on employment in Kisumu Central Sub-County included; higher chances of getting employment in Kisumu City than the locals; migrants with Godfathers and powerful connections have higher chances of getting employment; high expectations of job opportunities; a positive perception on rural-urban migration for employment in Kisumu town; migrants with high level of education have higher chances of getting employed than those with low level of education. Moreover, the study established that the coping strategies adopted by rural-urban migrants in Kisumu Central Sub-County included; engaging in building and construction work, engaging in washing clothes and other odd jobs, sharing rooms and skipping meals. The study recommends that the National and County governments engage in strategic programmes designed to equip the unemployed educated youths with the pre-requisite skills essential to employers in the formal markets. The study also recommends local NGOs to empower migrants on the entrepreneurship culture to help them become economically involved and further create jobs. Finally, the study recommends that government interventions be channelled towards developing infrastructure in the rural areas to help reduce rural urban migration which increases unemployment in the urban areas.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZCounselling Types and Their Effectiveness in Management of Teenage Pregnancies in Secondary Schools
http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/12108
Counselling Types and Their Effectiveness in Management of Teenage Pregnancies in Secondary Schools
Muga, Rhoda Akinyi
The role of Guidance and Counselling in making informed choices cannot be overemphasized. Although institutional-based Guidance and Counselling was introduced to equip learners with the skills of making informed decisions so as to reduce risky sexual behaviours and teenage pregnancies, the numbers of teenage pregnancies are on the rise in Siaya county especially Ugenya Sub County in Kenya. The aim of this study was to investigate the counselling types and their effectivenessin management of teenage pregnancy among girls in secondary schools in Ugenya Sub-County of Kenya. The study’s objectives were: To assess the effectiveness of peer counselling in management of teenage pregnancy among girls, to establish the effectiveness of group counselling in management of teenage pregnancy, to assess the effectiveness of individual counselling in management of teenage pregnancy; and to examine the effectiveness of expert counselling in management of teenage pregnancy. The study utilized a Concurrent Triangulation Design within the Mixed Methods Approach. Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy Theory informed the study. Purposive sampling technique was used to sample 30 Principals and Teacher Counselors. Kerlinger formula was also employed to determine and select 347 teenage girls in Form 2 and 3 to participate in the study, while 50 peer counselors were selected to participate in the study using stratified random sampling. Data for the
study was collected using questionnaires, structured interview schedules and Focus Group Discussions. Ethical clearance was sought from the ethical review board of the
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology and the institutions where the data was collected. Reliability of the instruments was ascertained through a
pilot study of 10% of the population that did not take part in the study. The Cronbach’s Alpha was used to calculate internal consistency. Data collected from the
questionnaires was edited, coded and analysed using, inferential statistics such as Pearson Correlation and Regression Analysis in SPSS version 26 while. Thematic Analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. The findings indicated that there was a strong and positive correlation (r = .675) between peer counselling and the management of teenage pregnancy at p < 0.05; an average and positive correlation (r = .512) between group counselling and the management of teenage pregnancy at p < 0.05; a strong and positive correlation (r = .634) between individual counselling and the management of teenage pregnancy at p < 0.05, and finally, a strong and positive correlation (r = .628) between expert counselling and the management of teenage pregnancy at p < 0.05. Peer counselling, therefore stands out as being more effective as compared to group, individual and expert counselling in the management of teenage pregnancy in secondary schools. The Ministry of Education should emphasize
more diverse training of guidance and counselling teachers on varied therapies for them to be effective in schools. The policy makers in education should also come up with various training programs meant for peer counsellors to assist in therapy programmes in their respective secondary schools, since students preferred seeking counselling services from their peer counsellors.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZBeliefs on Nyawawa Spirits among the Luo in Kisumu West and Rangwe Sub-Counties, Kenya
http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/12106
Beliefs on Nyawawa Spirits among the Luo in Kisumu West and Rangwe Sub-Counties, Kenya
Sewe, Catherine Akinyi
In the traditional African religion, the concept of spirits is widespread. This is because Africans believe in, recognize, and accept the existence of spirits. The spirits sometimes use material objects as temporary abode and manifest their presence and action through natural objects and phenomena. However, the fact that the spirits are non-descript, immortal, and invisible entities have raised deep confusion in terms of their manifestation, prevalence, and effects to the living. Arguments on the origin of the various spirits in Traditional African society remains clouded in mystery not only because of their overlapping and interrelated symbolisms but also because of lack of clarity on how they affect African communities in different geographical settings. It is also unclear how different communities have endeavored to manage their related effects with some informants arguing that within the Luo society, common mechanisms are adopted while some posit that the approaches have changed over time depending on the geographical locations of respective communities in the region. This study has established the origin of nyawawa spirits among the Luo communities, examined their prevalence and manifestation, determined forms of managing their possible effects and explained causes of their perceived decline. The study aimed at assisting researchers in religious studies to improve their knowledge on how the Luo perceive nyawawa spirits and manage their effects. It has further preserved information about nyawawa which with time would be lost. Literature review revealed that belief in nyawawa played a significant role in the world view of the Luo communities as it helped them to explain causes of diseases like smallpox, whose treatment they never knew and hence, helped them to cope with devastating effect of death caused by the diseases which the Luo associated with the
nyawawa spirits. This is true to Durkheim Functional theory of Religion which asserts that religion plays several functions among communities that practice them; in this case it helped to rationalize the effects of the said diseases. Secondary data further displayed management strategies of various spirits; a vivid example is amongst the Zulu of South Africa that built huts behind the Kraal to confine them. The study endeavored to interrogate the way the Luo communities under study managed nyawawa spirits. This study was conducted in Kisumu West and Rangwe Sub-Counties. These areas of study
were selected purposively to address the possible influence of geographical settings on the opinions on nyawawa a with Kisumu West representing cosmopolitan and peri-urban population while Rangwe representing rural and homogenous Luo population. The study applied mixed methods design that brings together qualitative and quantitative methodologies within a single study to answer or understand a research problem. Data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected through questionnaires. The questionnaires were used on target population of 382. Key informant interviews and Focus Group Discussions were conducted with selected informants in different locations. Purposive sampling was used to identify potential
informants among who were traditional healers, elderly people above 60 years of age, and religious leaders of African Religious Movements. Qualitative data was analyzed through qualitative techniques involving classification of information based on themes and content according to the objectives and was processed by transcribing, translation, corroboration and validation of results from secondary and primary data. Quantitative data was analyzed and presented through descriptive statistics. The study was also guided by functionalism theory. The study revealed that the Luo associated nyawawa with the lake but was experienced everywhere; that various approaches were employed to manage them as their presence was associated with death and spread of diseases. It further showed that today belief in nyawawa is on the decline due to influence of Christianity and urbanization besides other factors. Further recommendation of the study is that future study on nyawawa should take a multicultural approach as to establish if neighboring communities also held similar views, as the spirits were dispelled to them as well, besides the belief that the spirits came from the neighbors of the Luo necessitates such an inquiry.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZDevelopment of Urban Centres in Kenya: the Case of Keroka Town (1905-2018)
http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/12104
Development of Urban Centres in Kenya: the Case of Keroka Town (1905-2018)
Mbeta, Richard Nyakebondo
The emergence and development of urban centres has been a major topic of study across the globe as urbanization continues to engulf most open and suitable spaces. The historical emergence of some major towns in Kenya has not been left behind. However, smaller towns which are equally important in understanding the complexities of urbanization in a nation still call for investigation. Keroka town having started as a social and cultural centre in the colonial period has become a rapidly growing urban centre. Therefore there need to investigate the emergence and development of Keroka Urban Centre as a case study to understand the process of urbanization in Kenya’s rural set-up. The objectives used to realize this were; i) to examine the emergence and growth of Keroka Urban Centre during the colonial period from 1905 to 1963, ii) to analyze the development of Keroka in the post colonial period of 1963 to 2018, and iii) to establish the development challenges and impact of Keroka town on its residents and environs. The study adopted village magnet and ribbon models of urbanization theories to explain and interpret the data, as well as used historical research design to guide the study. A sample size of 46 informants was interviewed using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Qualitative data was collected by using interview schedules, focus group discussion guides, observation, and archival records for primary data, as research instruments. Quantitative data was obtained from secondary data sources. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic data analysis method while quantitative data was analyzed using simple statistical methods such as means presented in tables and graphs. The findings indicated that Keroka emerged in the colonial period as a social and cultural centre and continued to grow due to the economic and administrative activities of the colonial government. It developed over time due to population increase, road network, missionary work, introduction of western education and cash crops, increased business opportunities and security among other factors. The challenges the town faced included inadequate social amenities such as hospitals, schools, modern sporting grounds, and lack of major departmental offices to serve the residents. There was also congestion and rise of slums, lack of designated market space, and environmental degradation, boundary and resource conflicts among others.The study recommended that there should be expansion of other offices, such as, agricultural research, gender affairs, heritage and sports, as well as industrialization in order to bring more services closer to the residents and the surrounding areas. Further, Keroka Cultural centre should be enlarged to enhance Gusii cultural activities. There should also be the enforcement of adequate legal framework in land development and proper urban centre planning.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZCounselling Types and their Effectiveness in Management of Teenage Pregnancies in Secondary Schools
http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/12099
Counselling Types and their Effectiveness in Management of Teenage Pregnancies in Secondary Schools
Muga, Rhoda Akinyi
The role of Guidance and Counselling in making informed choices cannot be overemphasized. Although institutional-based Guidance and Counselling was introduced to equip learners with the skills of making informed decisions so as to reduce risky sexual behaviours and teenage pregnancies, the numbers of teenage pregnancies are on the rise in Siaya county especially Ugenya Sub County in Kenya.
The aim of this study was to investigate the counselling types and their effectiveness in management of teenage pregnancy among girls in secondary schools in Ugenya Sub-County of Kenya. The study’s objectives were: To assess the effectiveness of
peer counselling in management of teenage pregnancy among girls, to establish the
effectiveness of group counselling in management of teenage pregnancy, to assess the effectiveness of individual counselling in management of teenage pregnancy; and to examine the effectiveness of expert counselling in management of teenage pregnancy.
The study utilized a Concurrent Triangulation Design within the Mixed Methods Approach. Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy Theory informed the study. Purposive sampling technique was used to sample 30 Principals and Teacher Counsellors. Kerlinger formula was also employed to determine and select 347 teenage girls in Form 2 and 3 to participate in the study, while 50 peer counsellors
were selected to participate in the study using stratified random sampling. Data for the
study was collected using questionnaires, structured interview schedules and Focus
Group Discussions. Ethical clearance was sought from the ethical review board of the
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology and the institutions
where the data was collected. Reliability of the instruments was ascertained through a
pilot study of 10% of the population that did not take part in the study. The Cronbach’s Alpha was used to calculate internal consistency. Data collected from the
questionnaires was edited, coded and analysed using, inferential statistics such as
Pearson Correlation and Regression Analysis in SPSS version 26 while. Thematic
Analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. The findings indicated that there was a
strong and positive correlation (r = .675) between peer counselling and the management of teenage pregnancy at p < 0.05; an average and positive correlation (r
= .512) between group counselling and the management of teenage pregnancy at p <
0.05; a strong and positive correlation (r = .634) between individual counselling and
the management of teenage pregnancy at p < 0.05, and finally, a strong and positive
correlation (r = .628) between expert counselling and the management of teenage
pregnancy at p < 0.05. Peer counselling, therefore stands out as being more effective
as compared to group, individual and expert counselling in the management of
teenage pregnancy in secondary schools. The Ministry of Education should emphasize
more diverse training of guidance and counselling teachers on varied therapies for
them to be effective in schools. The policy makers in education should also come up
with various training programs meant for peer counsellors to assist in therapy
programmes in their respective secondary schools, since students preferred seeking
counselling services from their peer counsellors.
2022-01-01T00:00:00Z