Black ants, Carebara vidua (Smith) is of critical value both in nutrition and medicine in Kenya. The insect is relatively widespread in the country; however, knowledge regarding its geographical distribution range and factors that influence its distribution pattern is scanty. Lack of a clear understanding of the requisite ecological conditions for C. vidua is a hindrance to instituting conservation measures. This study objective is to determine the spatio-temporal distribution pattern of C. vidua, eco-climatic conditions influencing the distribution and the prevailing environmental management practices enhancing chances of survival and its contribution to food security. The study was carried out in different agro ecological zones of Siaya, Kisumu and Homabay Counties of Western Kenya. The study adopted cross sectional approach of community representation. Purposive sampling method was used in the selection of suitable participants of the study. Key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussion (FGDs) were qualitative data collection methods used to assess and explore the community’s knowledge of the insect in relation to its distribution and influence of eco-climatic factors in order to establish the spatio-temporal distribution pattern. The audio recorded data were transcribed verbatim and translated into English, coded and analysis were thematically done using ATLAS ti version 7.5 software. Our results showed a significant change in the distribution of C. vidua between the year 2000 and 2020 across the lower midland zones (LMs) in Siaya, Kisumu and Homabay. The population of insect emerging have declined and its emergence has become unpredictable; they are no longer emerging yearly as they used to in late 1990’s. In LM 5; Siaya and Homabay the insect emergence has not been experienced for the last 30 years. However, in LM 1 to LM 4, the insect population is dwindling due to anthropogenic activities disturbing the habitat. Data was presented using individual quotes and tables. In conclusion, the population of Carebara vidua has fluctuated over the years across the LM zones and the insect has become an endangered species, its habitat has been encroached by anthropogenic activities and the population has been influenced by climate change therefore, environmental management practices have been presented to enhance its survival and availability.