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    Norm-Attainable Operators in Operator Ideals: Characterizations, Properties, and Structural Implications
    (2025-01-01) Wafula, A.M; Mogoi, N. Evans
    This paper explores the interplay between norm-attainable operators and operator ideals in the context of Hilbert spaces, providing a comprehensive characterization of their structural and geometric properties. We investigate norm-attainability within common operator classes, including compact operators, Schatten (p)-class, trace-class, and weakly compact operators. Foundational lemmas establish the existence and basic properties of norm-attainable operators, which are extended through propositions detailing their behavior under inclusion in specific operator ideals. Key theorems characterize conditions for norm-attainability, highlighting connections to compactness, spectral properties, and finite-rank approximations. The results elucidate practical implications, such as operator approximations and eigenvalue relationships. These findings have direct applications in quantum mechanics, signal processing, and numerical analysis, where operator approximations are crucial for efficient computation and system modeling. Furthermore, we outline potential extensions of this work to the more general settings of unbounded operators and Banach spaces, opening avenues for future research and broadening the scope of applicability. This study advances understanding of norm-attainable operators in operator theory, offering new insights into their algebraic and geometric significance within operator ideals.
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    Addressing priority gaps in access and quality of NCD services in primary care settings in Rural Kenya: a participatory approach to intervention development
    (BMC Primary Care, 2026-04) Ouma, Ogol Japheth; Museve, Elijah; Omondi, Dickens; Akinyi, Ivy; Sylvester Ogutu; Obinge, Elizabeth; Ayodo, George; Bogers, Johannes; Olmen, Josefien
    Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), particularly diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN), are projected to surpass communicable diseases as the leading causes of mortality in Africa by 2030. Kenya remains off track to achieving the 25x25 global targets for reducing premature NCD mortality, underscoring the need to strengthen prevention, early detection, and management at the primary healthcare (PHC) level. This study aimed to: (i) conduct a joint analysis of facility-level baseline data to identify gaps in PHC service delivery for DM and HTN, and (ii) collaboratively identify and co-design tailored improvement interventions to enhance access to quality DM and HTN services. Methods: A participatory research (PAR) approach was applied using a five-step procedures: (1) situation analysis; (2) stakeholder engagement to identify service delivery gaps; (3) prioritization of interventions; (4) implementation planning informed by contextual factors; and (5) monitoring and evaluation. Two multistakeholder workshops were conducted involving health management teams, PHC workers, community health promoters, patients, and researchers. Stakeholders were identified using purposive and snowball sampling. Data analysis included quantitative scoring in Excel and qualitative synthesis in Dedoose software. Results: Key gaps identified included limited pre-service training on DM and HTN, insufficient disease-specific knowledge among PHC workers, suboptimal patient care pathways characterized by long waiting times and weak follow-up, and the absence of standardized care packages. Priority interventions co-designed through the participatory approach included targeted PHC worker training, improved access to clinical guidelines, structured mentorship and supervision, strengthened community outreach, and improved availability of diagnostic tools and essential medicines. Conclusion: Participatory approaches to intervention development (PAID) facilitate stakeholder ownership and contextually appropriate solutions, offering a pragmatic pathway to strengthening DM and HTN care at the PHC level.
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    Morphological Nativization of English Loanwords in Olunyole: A Constraints-Based Analysis
    (Journal of Educational Research in Developing Areas (JEREDA), 2024-06-14) Asungu, Kwendo; Ondondo, Emily Ayieta; Ochieng, Robert
    Introduction: When speakers of Olunyole come in contact with English language, they tend to borrow words from the English which contain alien sounds to the grammar of Olunyole. These English loanwords must be integrated into Olunyole grammar, which necessitates nativization process. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explain how Olunyoleintegrates English loanwords into its morphological system. Methodology: A corpus of 170 English loanwords in Olunyole formed the basis for the analysis in this study. This data was collected from native speakers of Olunyole in Luanda Township and Wamasiolo sub-location in Luanda Sub-County-Kenya. Data was collected using Semi-Structured Interviews, Note Taking, and Audio Recording. Results: The findings of this study show that English loanwords in Olunyole are morphologically nativized through class allocation followed by morphological conditioning through prefixation. Conclusion and recommendations: The goal of the current study was to examine the phonology and morphology of Olunyole loanwords using the framework of optimality theory. The study limited itself to nouns. There are other lexical classes of Olunyole that are affected by the nativization process. These should also be studied to provide a comprehensive Olunyole loanword analysis.
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    Green Financing and the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange: Empirical Evidence from Sustainable Financial Innovations
    (International Journal of Finance and Accounting, 2025-11-26) Sino, Duncan Owino; Baraza, Edwins; Monari, Fronica
    Purpose: This study examines the influence of green banking defined as green lending, green bonds, ESG-aligned lending standards, and sustainable finance adoption on the financial performance of commercial banks listed on the NSE. Methodology: The study applies a positivist philosophy and correlational design using secondary data (2021–2023). Regression, diagnostic tests, and hypothesis testing were conducted using bank-level audited financial and sustainability reports. Findings: Green banking shows a positive but statistically insignificant effect on ROE (β = 0.114; p = 0.103). Diagnostic tests reveal non-normality, weak linearity, and low R², indicating immature adoption and inconsistent ESG reporting. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Strengthen regulatory incentives, standardize ESG reporting, develop green-lending capacity, expand green bond markets, and embed climate-risk assessments into lending operations.
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    Analysing Emphatic Constructions in Dholuo: A Functional Grammar Perspective
    (International Journal of Social Sciences and Information Technology, 2026-03) Owenje Tobias Odhiambo; Ondondo, Emily Ayieta; Ochieng’, Robert Onyango
    This paper analyses emphatic constructions in Dholuo, a Western Nilotic language spoken in Kenya, within the framework of Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). The study identifies three broad classes of emphatic constructions in Dholuo — the reordering class, the postponement class, and the dislocation class — and analyses each class in terms of clause as exchange, clause as message, and clause as representation. The reordering class encompasses passive, cleft, topicalised, and inverted constructions. The postponement class includes existential, occurrential, extraposed, and discontinued nominal element constructions. The dislocation class involves subject and object dislocation. The analysis reveals that Dholuo emphatic constructions generate three types of prominence: topical/thematic, end focus, and end weight prominence. The paper demonstrates that Halliday's Functional Grammar provides an adequate theoretical framework for analysing emphatic constructions in a non-Indo-European African language, thereby contributing to cross-linguistic evidence for the theory's universality.